Lesson 7: Xenocrypt Morphology Part III

                 CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY COURSE
                           BY LANAKI
                        February 4, 1996
                           Revision 0

                         COPYRIGHT 1996
                      ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

                           LECTURE 7
                      XENOCRYPT MORPHOLOGY
                            Part III


SUMMARY

In Lecture 7, we conclude our review of materials related to
ciphers created in languages other than English.  Lecture 7
will give practical language data for Xenocrypts commonly
published in the Cryptogram - French, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese.

Also, we have time for a short review and more homework
problems to solve.  Lets start with French.

FRENCH - The language of lovers

FRENCH DATA [ Based on 55,758 letters of text in FRE2]

Absolute Frequencies

A   4,480    G    624   L   2,737  Q    616   V    801
B     406    H    276   M   1,617  R  4,117   W      6
C   1,944    I  4,230   N   4,406  S  4,564   X    317
D   2,198    J    184   O   3,255  T  4,057   Y    100
E   9,334    K     25   P   1,689  U  3,054   Z     84
F     646                                       ======
                                                55,758

Monographic Kappa Plain, French Language = 0.0777, I.C.= 2.02

Relative Frequencies, based on 55,758 letters of French plain
text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:

E     167    T    73    C    35    G    11     J     3
S      82    O    58    P    30    Q    11     Y     2
A      80    U    55    M    29    B     7     Z     2
N      79    L    49    V    14    X     6     K     1
I      76    D    39    F    12    H     5     W     -
R      74                                         =======
                                                   1,000

Groups

Vowels:  A, E, I, O, U, Y   = 43.8%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S, T = 30.7% ; with L =34.0%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P = 18.3%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Z = 7.2 %

8 most frequent letters (E, S, A, N, I, R, T, and O) = 68.9%
       (descending order)

Note that group frequencies between German and French are
statistically similar.

Initials ( based on 10,748 letters of French plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)

D   1,445     L    784    I   315    U   240    H    67
P     929     S    664    F   313    O   177    Z     7
E     894     Q    394    T   305    G   146    K     5
A     866     R    389    N   278    B   115    W     3
C     816     M    337    V   263    J    98    Y     3
                                                  ======
                                                   9,853




Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 55,758
letters of French plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]

   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M
A  2   6  20  12   4   6  11      50   1      36  12
B  4               4               4          12
C 15       6      47          11  20           5
D 18           1 109           1  20   1           1
E 30   4  49  48  30  15  14   3  13   5      56  58
F 10       2   1   9   6           8           1
G  6              16       1       2           3   1
H  6               6               4
I  9   3  12  10  41   4   4           1      27   8
J  4               6
K
L 57       1   5  95   1       1  23          26
M 22   9   1   1  52              23               13
N 19   1  29  40  54   9  11   1  20    1      3    2
O      5   7   3   1   1   2   1  21    1     10   21
P 30       1   1  13           2   3          11
Q          1
R 62   2  10  13 127   2   6      24    1     16   11
S 42   2  16  32  75   5   2   1  36    2     15    8
T 40   1   7  22  78   4   1   2  67   11     12    4
U 12   3  10   5  39  14   3   1  24   3      13    6
V  9              24              16
W
X  4       3   3   3           1   1                1
Y  2               2
Z                  3               1








Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 55,758
letters of French plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]


    N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z
A  68   1  21   3  41  17  46  29  13           2   1
B       4           5   2   1   2
C      48           4   1   8   8
D      10   1       6   2      26
E 105   4  38  12  89 154  58  27  17       8       3
F       8   1      10   1       1
G   7   6           8       4   2
H       3           1           4
I  49  51   5  12  27  52  47       9       7       1
J       5                           2
K       1
L   3  10   1           5   4  12               1
M       8   9           1       4
N  10  19   6   4   3  53  99   4   7               1
O 109       7      23  13   8  52   2           2
P      35   9      34   1   6   4
Q                              54
R   8  27   5   3   7  14  19   6   7               1
S   6  22  24  11   8  41  33  24   4           1
T   4  14  11   7  44  23  10  11   2
U  26   1   8   1  48  26  19   1   8       13      1
V      16           5           2
W
X   1       4   1   1   2   3       1
Y       1               2
Z       1


Digraphic Kappa plain, French = 0.0093, I.C. = 6.29

87 Digraphs comprising 75% of French plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.


ES-  154   RA- 62  AI- 50  SS- 41  EA- 30  UI- 24  OM- 21
RE-  127   a)====  EC- 49  ND- 40  EE- 30  SP- 24  NI- 20
ON-  109   ET- 58  IN- 49  b)====  NC- 29  SU- 24  DI- 20
DE-  109   EM- 58  ED- 48  TA- 40  AU- 29  RI- 24  CI- 20
EN-  105   LA- 57  CO- 48  UE- 39  IR- 27  VE- 24  AC- 20
NT-   99   EL- 56  UR- 48  EP- 38  EU- 27  TS- 23  UT- 19
LE-   95   QU- 54  CE- 47  AL- 36  IL- 27  MI- 23  NO- 19
ER-   89   NE- 54  IT- 47  SI- 36  RO- 27  LI- 23  RT- 19
TE-   78   NS- 53  AT- 46  PO- 35  OR- 27  SO- 22  NA- 19
SE-   75   ME- 52  TR- 44  PR- 34  DU- 26  MA- 22  DA- 18
AN-   68   IS- 52  SA- 42  ST- 33  LL- 26  TD- 22  AS- 17
TI-   67   OU- 52  IE- 41  SD- 32  US- 26  AP- 21  EV- 17
           IO- 51  AR- 41  PA- 30  UN- 26  OI- 21    =====
                                                     3,751






a)  13 digraphs (1,237 total count, above this line represent
    25% of French plain

b)  39 digraphs (2,515 total count, above this line represent
    50% of French plain


Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)


ES-  154   SE- 75  LE- 95  EL- 56  RA- 62  AR- 41  IS- 52
RE-  127   ER- 89  TE- 78  ET- 58  EM- 58  ME- 52  EC- 49
DE-  109   ED- 48  TI- 67  IT- 47  LA- 57  AL- 36  AT- 46
EN-  105   NE- 54  SI- 36  CE- 47  TA- 40

Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

NT-   99   TN-  4  QU- 54  UQ- 1  NS- 57  SN-6  OU- 52 UO-1

Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

SS-  41  LL- 26  NN- 10  PP-  9  CC-  6  AA- 2  GG - 1
EE-  30  MM- 13  TT- 10  RR-  7  FF-  6  DD- 1  UU - 1

Initial Digraphs 22 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on 10,748 French plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:

DE-  501  RE- 283  PI- 222  SU- 168  AU- 150  DI- 124  SO- 117
CO-  394  PA- 268  IN- 178  CE- 163  NO- 133  AL- 122  VO- 112
QU-  347  LE- 240  SE- 178  ET- 153  TR- 127  UN- 122  FR- 101
PR-  291

Trigraphs (top 97 based on 55,758 letters of French text)

ENT- 588  CON- 271  EST- 188  ESS- 151  NSE- 130  EUR- 115
ION- 555  ERE- 267  ERA- 185  AIT- 147  REN- 127  NTA- 115
TIO- 433  ANT- 238  ECO- 184  POU- 146  SQU- 124  SER- 115
ONS- 373  ESE- 230  ESD- 179  TER- 146  AIR- 123  ESO- 112
RES- 367  ELA- 227  OND- 175  COM- 143  EPA- 120  DEC- 110
QUE- 338  LLE- 216  LEM- 175  ESP- 139  QUI- 120  EPR- 110
DES- 313  PAR- 213  NCE- 173  OUS- 139  SET- 120  ALL- 109
EDE- 305  NDE- 211  ELE- 172  AIS- 137  REC- 119  ECE- 109
EME- 288  SDE- 210  ESA- 163  EMA- 137  AND- 118  UNE- 108
ATI- 287  DEL- 209  TDE- 163  IER- 136  ETA- 118  RAI- 106
LES- 284  PRE- 206  ITE- 162  NTS- 135  SEN- 118  RLE- 106
NTE- 282  OUR- 205  SSE- 160  TES- 135  PRO- 117  SSI- 106
TRE- 280  RAN- 196  ONT- 157  EQU- 133  ISE- 116  ENE- 105
MEN- 272  IRE- 191  ANC- 153  IQU- 131  REP- 116  SUR- 105

TRA- 105  TEN- 103  BLE- 101  ETE- 100  TAT- 100
ISS- 104  UEL- 102  QUA- 101  ERE- 100
INT- 103  ANS- 101  CES- 101  OMM- 100





Initial Trigraphs (The 20 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 10,748  French words):

CON- 213  COM- 129  FRA-  93  INT-  75  ETA-  69  SER-  61
POU- 144  PRO- 105  PAR-  87  CEN-  72  DAN-  68  TRA-  57
PRE- 135  ALL- 104  QUA-  80  NOU-  69  RED-  65  RES-  56

VOU-  56  FAI-  50

Tetragraphs (82 top tetragraphs based on 55,758 letters of
French plain text)

TION-431  CONS- 98  LEME-83   ERAL-71   EREN-58   RESS-55
MENT-251  EPAR- 98  QUEL-83   ERES-70   ESSE-58   IERE-53
ATIO-220  RESE- 96  LEMA-80   DANS-67   NOUS-58   IRES-53
IONS-208  ENTE- 95  PORT-80   OUVE-67   TRES-58   TEDE-53
EMEN-200  LLEM- 93  ENTS-78   EMAN-66   ENER-57   EQUE-52
POUR-136  FRAN- 91  EPRE-77   SENT-66   NDES-57   NDEL-52
IQUE-128  PRES- 91  EDES-76   ANDE-63   NSEI-57   ECOM-51
IOND-124  ENTA- 90  ESET-76   PART-62   NTDE-57   GENE-51
DELA-120  RANC- 90  INTE-75   SDES-62   CAIS-56   SEIL-51
AIRE-117  ANCE- 89  ALLE-75   ESEN-61   ESTI-56   ELES-50
ONDE-107  SION- 89  ANTE-75   RAIT-61   ITIO-55   ETAT-50
ECON-102  COMM- 88  MAND-75   ENTD-60   NEMA-55   ILLE-50
ESDE-102  ELLE- 84  CENT-74   SSIO-60   NERA-55   SQUE-50
ONSE-101  NTER- 84  QUES-72   ENCE-59



Look at the above groups.  Realize how many apply to English.
Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.


Average French Word Length = 5.2 letters


One-letter words:  A (86%)  Y(6%)  O(2%)

Two-letter words:  DE LA LE ET UN EN NE AU IL DU JE ON SI SE OU
SA MA ME CE VA

Three-letter words: LES QUE DES QUI EST PAS UNE AUX PAR DIT ONT
LUI PEU SON SUR CES CET MOT MON VIE BON CAR ILS PUR AMI VIE

Four-letter words: AVEC AVEZ BIEN CEUS COUP DANS DEUX DOIS DOIT
DONT DOUX FAIT FAUT LEUR LUNE MAIS MOIS NOUS PEUT PLUS POUR
QUEL SAIT SONT TOUS TRES TROP VOUS

Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters: ETE ICI NON SES
TOT  D'UN J'AI L'AI L'ON L'OR L'OS M'EN S'EN S'IL;  CECI MEME
SAIS SANS SOUS SUIS TOUT ELLE MERE PERE IDEE  C'EST D'UNE N'EST
QU'IL QU 'ON  N'ONT

Common Initials with apostrophes:  C' D' J' L' N'




Peculiarities: In three letter words, U is proceeded by Q and
followed by E or I (QUE, QUI) Four or five vowels may be found
in sequence.  E seldom touches another vowel.  D and M contact
E about 75% of the time.  Four consonants in a row is the most,
we usually find ; where five consonants are found sequentially
the last is an S of a plural word.

AMCRAS has rearranged the French Frequency Table to:

18 8  8  7  7  7  7  6  6  5  4  3  3  3  2  1 1 1 1   1--
E  A  N  R  S  I  T  U  O  L  D  C  M  P  V  B F G H JQZXY


Letters have many of the same characteristics as English, with
vowels contacting more freely.  When LE LA DE etc precede a
word beginning with a vowel, the vowel is dropped; an
apostrophe is substituted. (C'est for Ce est).  This is a big
help in finding vowels.

The apostrophe is not used for possession.

Nouns can be of any gender. Adjectives take the same gender as
their noun.

A, as a one-letter word, has two meanings. Not accented, it is
a verb, has.  Accented (not in ciphers) is the preposition ,to.

Ne, pas.  The usual way to express negation, is to put ne
before the verb, pas, after it.  N'est pas means not.

When the masculine form, le or its plural les, is preceded by a
A, (to) or de (from), and is followed by a word beginning with
a consonant, a le is contracted to au (au pere, to the father);
a les, to aux; de le, to du; de les to des.

Some Short Words:

Y, there       Ces, these    Ceci, this   Ce, cet,cette,this
Au, to the     Est, is       Cela, that   Le,la,les the
De, of, from   Lui,to him    Dans, in     Un,una,a,an,one
En, in, by     Mon,my        Elle,she     Par, through,by
Et, and        Non,no        Fait, does   Aller, go
Il, he it      Oui,yes       Leur, them   Dire, say,tell
Je, I          Peu,few       Mais,but     Donne, give
Me, me         Que, that     Nous,we      Faire,make,do
On, people     Qui, who      Plus,more    Lire, read
Ou, or where   Son, his      Pour, for    Mourir, die
Se, himself    Sur, on       Tout, all    Penser, think
Si, if         Tot, soon     Vous, you    Respondre, answer


                                         from [XEN1]







SOLUTION OF FRENCH ARISTOCRAT

FRE-1                                               [FIDDLE]

       1               2           3          4        5
F'  U O N Y O L   M'  Y M N   Y Z Z I L W Y   X Y   Z U C L Y

6        7            8              9            10
O H   W B I C R   L U C M I H H Y   Y N   G Y N B I X C K O Y

 11       12       13       14       15              16
X Y M   G I N M   F Y M   J F O M   O M C N Y M,    F Y M

  17               18             19  20            21
J F O M   H Y W Y M M U C L Y M   U   F U    W I H P Y L M U -

           22   23  24               25
N C I H    Y N   U   F U    W I L L Y M J I H X U H W Y.


Set up the normal and cipher text alphabets as a cross check on
each other.

18 8  8  7  7  7  7  6  6  5  4  3  3  3  2  1 1 1 1   1--
E  A  N  R  S  I  T  U  O  L  D  C  M  P  V  B F G H JQZXY
                                                       normal

21 16 10 9  8  8  8  7  7  7  6  3  3  3  2  2  1  1  1
Y  M  U  I  H  L  N  C  F  O  W  J  X  Z  B  G  K  P  R
                                                       cipher


The letters in the Normal table should be over or close to
their cipher equivalents, if the message is reasonably normal
wording.

Take the gimmes.  The 1 letter word U=a (has,to) and the
repeated U F U should be a la (to the), so F=l.  Y is the
highest frequency and most likely an E.  M is most likely an
S from position and frequency.  So FYM = les (the).  XYM, es
may be either des or ces with X=d or c. Using the pattern
table above, word 2 should be s'est.

Words 3 and 8 give us another vowel because YZZI and IHHY
I is a vowel , probably U or O   but not I. remember that Y=e
and I in word 8 follows an S. (maybe)  Word 21 implies an
ending of t-o- which could be -tion ( a very popular ending
according to reference FRE2.    So we may have H=n and C=i as
well as I=O.   Let us look at our guesses in the xenocrypt.








FRE-1                                               [FIDDLE]

       1               2           3          4        5
F'  U O N Y O L   M'  Y M N   Y Z Z I L W Y   X Y   Z U C L Y
l ' a   t e       s ' e s t   e     o     e   d e     a i   e
                  himself is                  of
6        7            8              9            10
O H   W B I C R   L U C M I H H Y   Y N   G Y N B I X C K O Y
  n       n i       a i s u n n e   e t     e t   o d i     e
          o                         and           u c

 11       12       13       14       15              16
X Y M   G I N M   F Y M   J F O M   O M C N Y M,    F Y M
d e s     u t s   l e s     l   s     s i t e s     l e s
of the             the                               the

  17               18             19  20            21
J F O M   H Y W Y M M U C L Y M   U   F U    W I H P Y L M U -
  l   s   n e   e s s a i   e s   a   l a      o n   e   s a
                                  to  the      u


           22   23  24               25
N C I H    Y N   U   F U    W I L L Y M J I H X U H W Y.
t i o n    e t   a   l a      o     e s   o n d a n   e
    u      and  to   the      u           u


where:

18 8  8  7  7  7  7  6  6  5  4  3  3  3  2  1 1 1 1   1--
E  A  N  R  S  I  T  U  O  L  D  C  M  P  V  B F G H JQZXY
Y  U  H     M  C  N     I  F  X normal

21 16 10 9  8  8  8  7  7  7  6  3  3  3  2  2  1  1  1
Y  M  U  I  H  L  N  C  F  O  W  J  X  Z  B  G  K  P  R
e  s  a  o  n     t  i  l           d
         u                          c                cipher


Word 6 demands O to be a vowel; as a e i o are already
identified, O=u, for un (a,one).  Word 14 and 17 are common
in French. It is plus (more).  The first word is auteu
(author.)  So L=r in terms of frequency.  Word 8 is raisonne
(reasonably, rational). The word necessaires (necessary) also
becomes visible.  The last word is correspondence (same in
English).  P=v because we pick up on conversation in Word 21.

Z B G R are not identified. A run down of the remanding letters
or use of a dictionary gives us Word 5 as faire, (to make) and
Word 3 as efforce (force).  Word 12 becomes mots (words) and
Word 7 = choix (choice).

The final solution is:

l'auteur s'est efforce de faire un choix raisonne methodique
des mots les plus usites, les plus necessaires a la
conversation et a la correspondence.


"An author forces himself to make a reasonable and methodical
choice of words most used, most necessary to conversation and
correspondence.


KERCKHOFF

Kerckhoff (aka Jean-Guillaume-Hubert-Victor-Francois-Alexandre-
Auguste Kerckhoffs von Nieuwenhof, Holland) was not French but
Flemish.  His influence was cryptographically significant for
selecting usable field ciphers.  Kerckhoff was first to
separate the general system from the specific key.  He told us
about superimposition to solve polyalphabetic systems.  He told
us about the symmetry of position to glean more plain text from
the cipher text.  He invented the St-Cyr slide and named it
after the French national military academy where he studied.
"La Cryptographie militaire"  gave the French a commanding lead
in cryptography in World War I.   He was the impetus for those
that followed.  [KERC] , [KAHN]


FRENCH INFLUENCES - VALERIO, de VIARIS, DELASTELLE, BAZERIES

Letter Frequencies for French, German, English, Russian,
Spanish, and Italian (page 9) given by General Givierge in his
Course In Cryptography [GIVI] differ from those presented in
[FRE2].  Friedman's work is more authoritative and based on
significantly more modern plain text.  General Givierge
borrowed from Paul Louis Eugene Valerio, a captain of Artillery
who wrote in the Journal des Sciences militaires in 1892.
Valerio published a book called "De la cryptographie"
in 1895.  The General also borrowed from de Viaris (aka Marquis
Gaetan Henri Leon Viarizio di Lesegno) who is famous for one of
the first printing cipher devices, in 1874.  The General may
have included the work of Felix Marie Delastelle, who wrote
Traite Elementaire de Cryptographie in 1902.  Delastelle's most
famous cipher is the bifid and will be covered at a later
lecture.  Delastelle expanded Kerkhoff's symmetry of position
principles published in "La Cryptographie militarie" in 1883.
Lastly, Etienne Bazeries influence the General quite heavily.
Bazeries invented cylinder device for polyalphabetic
encipherment. de Viaris solved the Bazeries cylinder in 1893.
Bazeries was miffed to say the least.  His device was accepted
for use by the U.S. Army in 1922 as a field cipher device.
[USAA], [BOWE], [DELA], [BAZE], [VIAR], [VIA1], [LEAU],
[VALE]

The French have brought us some talented Cryptographers.
[KAHN] tells us about the famous Rossignol and his English
counterpart.   Problem FRE-4 is taken from reference [GIVI],
General Marcel Givierge classic "Cours De Cryptographie."
The reader can find many French cryptogram problems in it.




ROSSIGNOL

Rossignol served with swashbuckling facility in the Court of
Louis XIV.   His cryptographic successes gave him access to
secrets of state and the court.  The poet Boisrobert (who
originated the idea of 'Academie Francaise') wrote the first
poem ever written to a cryptologist entitled "Epistres en
Vers."  He was the court cryptologist of France in the time
when Moliere was her dramatist, Pascal her philosopher, La
Fontaine her fabulist and the supreme autocrat of the world her
monarch.  They were influenced accordingly.  [MAVE], [MAGN]

Rossignol's technical improvements to the nomenclator systems
of the time were quite important.  When Rossignol began his
career, nomenclators were one-part, listing both the plain and
the code elements in alphabetical order or numerical order if
the code was numerical.  Plain and code paralleled each other.
This arrangement existed since the beginning of the
Renaissance.  Rossignol destroyed the parallel arrangements and
mixed the code elements relative to the plain.  Two lists were
required, one in which the plain elements were in alphabetical
order and the code elements were randomized.  The second
facilitated decoding in which the code elements were
alphabetized and the plain equivalents were disarranged.  The
two tables were called 'tables a chiffrer' and 'tables a
dechiffrer'.  The two part codes are similar to a bilingual
dictionary.   The two part construction spread rapidly to
others countries and the nomenclator systems grew in numbers
and size.

His son Bonaventure, and his grandson Antoine-Bonadventure
both carried on the tradition started by their father.  Both
were raised from King's counselor to president of the Chamber
of Accounts.  The Cabinet Noir, founded under Louvois, Frances
Minister of War, at the urging of Antoine Rossignol, took extra
ordinary precautions (switching systems, introducing 18 new
nomenclator series) was the start of Frances ironclad control
over the cipher business.  It still has a tight access policy
today.  [PERR], [BROG]

Actually it was a good policy.  The Vienna Black Chamber -the
Geheime Kabinets - Kanzlei regularly read French ciphers up to
the cabinet level.  [VAIL], [STIX]

WALLIS

England had its Black Chamber.  John Wallis was Rossignol's
contemporary.  He was first a mathematician, giving us the germ
of the binomial theorem, the symbol and concept of infinity, a
calculation of pi by interpolation and the beginnings of
calculus for Newton to do his thing with.  John Wallis'
solution of Louis XIV of France letter of 9 June 1693 put in
the record books.





Their careers parallel each other.  They were almost
contemporaries, Rossignol was 16 years older.  Both made their
start on civil war ciphers in their twenties.  Both had a
mathematical bent.  Both were self-taught.  Both lived into
their eighties.  Both owed their worldly success to
cryptanalysis.  Both became their countries' Fathers of
Cryptology in both the literal and figurative sense.  But they
were different too.  Rossignol worked at court while Wallis
worked at Oxford.  Rossignol introduced new systems for the
French and supervised their use.  Wallis apparently prescribed
only one English cipher and that was done
informally.  [SMIH]

It is unlikely that these cryptologic experts ever clashed
cryptologically despite the contentious natures of both
countries.   [WALL] , [NIC6]


ITALIAN - the language like music

ITALIAN DATA [ Based on 57,906 letters of text in FRE2]

Absolute Frequencies

A   6,771    G   1,168  L   3,592  Q     227  V  1,024
B     527    H     493  M   1,441  R   4,037  W     13
C   2,367    I   6,568  N   4.094  S   2,967  X      9
D   2,258    J      18  O   5,022  T   4,139  Y     14
E   6,784    K      28  P   1,616  U   1,547  Z    527
F     655                                       ======
                                                57,906

Monographic Kappa Plain, Italian Language = 0.0745, I.C.= 1.94

Relative Frequencies, based on 57,906 letters of Italian plain
text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:

E     117    R    70    P    28    F    11     K    -
A     117    L    62    U    27    B    11     J    -
I     113    S    51    M    25    Z     9     Y    -
O      87    C    41    G    20    H     9     W    -
T      72    D    39    V    18    Q     4     X    -
N      71                                         =======
                                                   1,000

Groups

Vowels:  A, E, I, O, U, Y   = 46.1%
High-Frequency Consonants: L, N, R, T = 27.4%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, G, M, P, S = 22.2%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,H,J,K,Q,W,X,Z = 4.3 %

8 most frequent letters (E, A, I, O, T, N, R and L) = 70.8%
       (descending order)
Note again that similarities of group frequencies for German,
French, English and Italian are statistically significant.

Initials ( based on 10,481 letters of Italian plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)

D   1,381     L    500    T   337    U   217    J    13
C   1,041     R    403    G   333    Q   172    W     9
S     885     N    396    F   298    B   153    K     6
P     830     E    374    V   263    H    69    Y     3
A     822     M    371    O   235    Z    29    X     2
I     685                                         ======
                                                  10,481




Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847
letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]

   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M
A 18   9  39  41  14  12  22   1  19          76  24
B 10   7           7              10           1
C 32      10      20          33  33           2
D 31           1  65              64
E 23   7  31  53  15   8  22   2  25          66  18
F  9              11   7          11           1
G  9              11       8   2  20          17
H  6              27               9
I 66   8  52  30  31  11  11   2  11          35  31
J
K
L 62   3   8   6  49   2   7      56          52   4
M 31   5          35              17               4
N 32   1  15  26  51   6  11   1  37           3   1
O 17   4  22  27  10   5  10   1  20          45  24
P 23              30              14           2
Q
R 64   1   8   8  71   1   7      63           4  13
S 20      15   1  32   2          45           2   3
T 83       1      65   1          59           1
U 12   2   4   3  15   1   3      10           6   3
V 26              23              23
W
X
Y
Z 13               4              20
















Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 57,847
letters of Italian plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]


    N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z
A  78   5  24   4  57  36  63   6  24              12
B       4           4           2
C      64       1   5           6
D      23           2           9
E  73   6  22   4  96  62  27   6  17               4
F      10           6           3
G   8   9          11           6
H
I  62  44  20   3  20  48  45  15  16               7
J                               1
K
L   2  21   5   1   3   6  15   7   3
M      18  13                   2
N  10  50   4   5   2  11  66   8   4              11
O  86   4  25   2  55  40  14   3  18               2
P      28  11      23           7
Q                              20
R   9  45   2      12   9  16  10   3               3
S      25   9          31  58  12   1
T   1  56          43   1  37  10
U  24   8   6       9  11  150                      1
V      10           2           2   2
W
X
Y
Z       3                                           5


Digraphic Kappa plain, Italian = 0.0081, I.C. = 5.48

89 Digraphs comprising 75% of Italian plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.


ER-   96   RI- 63  LL- 52  AC- 38  MA- 31  HE- 25  VE- 23
ON-   86   IA- 63  IC- 51  TT- 37  SS- 31  OP- 25  OC- 22
TA-   78   LA- 62  NE- 50  b)====  DA- 31  AM- 24  AG- 22
AN-   78   IN- 62  NO- 50  NI- 37  EC- 30  UN- 24  EG- 22
AL-   76   a)====  LE- 49  ME- 35  PE- 30  EI- 24  EP- 22
EN-   73   RA- 62  IS- 48  AS- 35  ID- 30  AV- 24  LO- 21
RE-   71   ES- 61  IT- 45  IL- 35  IE- 30  OM- 24  IP- 20
NT-   66   TI- 59  OL- 45  CH- 33  PO- 28  PA- 23  ZI- 20
DE-   65   ST- 58  RO- 45  CI- 33  OD- 27  DO- 23  SA- 20
TE-   65   AR- 57  SI- 44  RA- 32  ET- 27  VI- 23  CE- 20
EL-   65   TO- 56  IO- 43  SE- 32  VA- 26  AP- 23  QU- 20
DI-   64   LI- 56  TR- 43  CA- 32  ND- 26  PR- 23  GI- 20
CO-   64   OR- 55  OS- 40  IM- 31  SO- 25  EA- 23    =======
AT-   63   ED- 52  AD- 39                            3,762




a)  18 digraphs (1,260 total count, above this line represent
    25% of Italian plain

b)  43 digraphs (2,495 total count, above this line represent
    50% of Italian plain


Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)


ER-   96   RE- 71    EL- 66    LE- 49    LI- 56    IL- 35
ON-   86   NO- 50    DE- 65    ED- 53    OR- 55    RO- 45
TA-   83   AT- 63    RA- 64    AR- 57    IC- 52    CI- 33
AN-   78   NA- 32    IN- 62    NI- 37    IS- 48    SI- 45
AL-   76   LA- 62    ES- 62    SE- 32    AD- 41    DA- 31
EN-   73   NE- 51    TI- 59    IT- 45    AC- 39    CA- 32


Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

NT-   66   TN-  1  ST- 58  TS- 1  CH- 33  HC-0


Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

LL-  52  AA- 18  II- 11  NN- 10  FF-  7  MM- 4  VV - 2
TT-  37  EE- 15  PP- 11  GG-  8  ZZ-  5  OO- 4  DD - 1
SS-  31  RR- 12  CC- 10  BB-  7


Initial Digraphs (26 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on 10,481 Italian plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:)

CO- 543   PE- 210  PR- 184  NO- 154  SE- 121  MA- 112  RE- 108
DE- 505   CH- 197  QU- 172  PA- 153  SO- 121  UN- 111  ES- 107
ST- 222   AL- 186  NE- 169  PO- 141  TR- 121  SU- 109  TE- 103
DI- 215   IN- 185  RI- 162  CA- 132  DA- 120

Trigraphs (top 90 based on 57,906 letters of Italian text)

DEL- 348  STA- 215  ERE- 169  ICA- 145  SSI- 130  ODI- 114
ENT- 348  ALI- 213  ZIO- 166  RAN- 145  NEL- 127  ORI- 114
ELL- 314  EDI- 212  ATO- 165  STR- 145  ACO- 125  RMA- 114
CON- 306  ALL- 201  NTI- 165  ALE- 144  ATI- 125  AME- 113
CHE- 276  ITA- 198  ANT- 163  IDI- 143  IDE- 123  ETT- 113
LLA- 274  ANO- 197  ERA- 163  COM- 139  ADI- 121  ODE- 113
ION- 265  OST- 196  TRA- 160  ECO- 137  AND- 121  PRE- 112
ONE- 247  ERI- 187  ESS- 158  LLE- 137  TEN- 120  NDO- 110
PER- 238  ARE- 186  ATT- 157  ONT- 136  ONO- 119  ONI- 110
EDE- 228  TAL- 184  NTO- 156  TER- 136  ARI- 117  AZI- 109
NTE- 227  LIA- 180  ADE- 155  TAT- 134  NTR- 117  ENE- 109
ICO- 216  IST- 174  EST- 151  TTA- 132  PAR- 116  ELA- 107
MEN- 216  CLI- 171  RES- 146  ATA- 130  TRO- 116  ERO- 107

ESI- 107
COR- 106
IAN- 106
TAN- 105
ATE- 104
NON- 103
VER- 103
ICA- 101
OLA- 101
STI- 101
OCO- 100
RIA- 100




Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 10,481 Italian words):

DEL- 217  STA- 106  QUA-  83  PRE-  62  DAL-  57  PER-  55
CON- 195  ALL- 100  PRO-  75  NEL-  57  ANC-  56  RUS-  55
COM- 137  ITA-  94  QUE-  74

GRA-  53  STO-  51

Tetragraphs (57 top tetragraphs based on 57,906 letters of
Italian plain text)

DELL-209  ALIA- 99  ICON-74   AGLI-66   LIAN-59   OPER-56
MENT-188  CONT- 93  VANO-74   ICHE-66   TORI-59   RUSS-56
IONE-160  ADEL- 92  ECON-73   IDEL-64   ALLE-58   TATO-55
ELLA-150  OSTR- 88  IONI-71   ELLE-63   ANDO-58   TEDE-55
ZION-147  ENTO- 87  STAT-70   NELL-63   DALL-58   OCON-54
TALI-125  AMEN- 83  STRA-70   IMEN-61   NTRO-58   SION-53
AZIO-106  ALLA- 81  GLIA-69   ANTI-60   OCHE-58   TANT-53
EDEL-106  ENZA- 75  ISTA-68   ATTA-60   ANTE-57   STOP-52
ITAL-106  ONTR- 75  ODEL-68   PART-60   EPER-57   NOST-51
ENTE-105  ENTI- 74  ACON-66



Average Italian word length  = 5.2 letters


One-letter words: E (56%) A (22%) I (14%) O (8%)

Two-letter words:  DI LA UN IL SI LE DA MA IN AL VI SE HA NE
HO LO AD ED VA IO

Three-letter words: CHE UNA PER CON DEL PIU GLI NEL DEI MIA SIA
DUE ERA MIO MAI CHI;

Four-letter words: BUON COME COSA COSI DICE DIRE DOVE ERAN FARE
GREAN OGNI PERO QUEL VITA

Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters: NON ; ALLA ANNI
ANO BENE ESSA ESSE MODO POCO SONO UOMO VEDE

Common Initials with apostrophes:  D' I' L' S'

Common words with apostrophes: C'E CH' GL' OR' PO' EN' DOV'
VID' ALL' TIEN' DOV'E BUON' DELL' NELL'


Peculiarities: Vowels constitute about half of the language
letters.  Highest contacts are with L N R T.  H is preceded
by C or G.  Q is followed by U and another vowel.  See [XENO]
for additional rules.  [SACC] gives data on consonant
sequences.

Consonant doubling is frequent: L T S C R G P N B M Z F V I D

Finals in order: O E A I; Rare R L D N


[SACC] gives us the following common consonant three letter
sequences:  STR NTR LTR TTR NDR SCR NGL NFL NGR SPL NCH RCH SCH
MPR PPR FFR BBL MBR CCH

R S L may be found in any one of these groups,  rarely H.

Common prepositions: A CON DA DI IN PER SU


The Italian Frequency Table rearranged:

18 12 11 9  7  6  6  6  5  5  3  3  3  3  2  2 1 1 1 1 -
E  A  I  O  L  N  R  T  S  C  D  M  P  U  V  G Z F B H Q


SOLUTION OF ITALIAN ARISTOCRAT


ITA -1.                            MON NOM


1    2         3       4   5    6    7    8        9    10
YT  GNLYJO  *LSISVAS,  KN  JH  TST  JY  MHOLYKEY   IOY  JHSY

11      12    13     14    15      16      17   18    19
GYBYY,  JH  AYTYLOY  OI  HRRYIYLN  VSLS,  ESUN  HTS  KEZYOGS

20     21        22  23     24
EZN   HRRYIYKEN  YV  KHS  QOILSTN.


Listing the short words:

YT  KN  JH-2  JY  OI  YV  TST  IOY  EZN  KHS  HTS

Take a frequency count of finals:

      Y-7  N-6  S-5  H-2  T-2  O I V -1

Since highest frequency finals are usually vowels, Y N S and H
may be vowels and word 6 TST could be NON.  If this assumption
is correct then word 18 is UNO.  Further YT = in and YY =ii in
word 11. Word YV = il.

Substituting our guesses:


1    2         3       4   5    6    7    8        9    10
YT  GNLYJO  *LSISVAS,  KN  JH  TST  JY  MHOLYKEY   IOY  JHSY
in   eri     ro ol o   se   u  non   i   u ris i     i   uoi


11      12    13     14    15      16      17   18    19
GYBYY,  JH  AYTYLOY  OI  HRRYIYLN  VSLS,  ESUN  HTS  KEZYOGS
 i ii    u   inir i      u  i ire  loro   co e  uno  s hi  o


20     21        22  23     24
EZN   HRRYIYKEN  YV  KHS  QOILSTN.
che   u  i is e  il  suo     rone


Word 17 L=r for loro.

The initals are S or P.  Word 23 is Suo or or Puo.  But word 4
would be Se or Sa but not pe or pa.  Try K=s. We should look
for CHE (that) and the likely candidate is EZN.

Substituting again in above we have four additional words.
OI and IOY suggest ad and dal.  By frequency J=t.

The solution reads:  In verita Rodolfo, se tu non ti guaristi
dai tuoi vizii, tu finirai ad ubbidire loro, come uno schiavo
che ubbidisce il suo padrone.


GENERAL LUIGI SACCO

One of Italy's most brilliant cryptographers, his manual gives
detailed solutions of various transposition, monoalphabetic and
polyalphabetic systems.  His appendix details the equations
used for such interesting problems as de Viaris  polyalphabetic
substitution, Kerckhoff's ciphers and the Hill algebraic
problem.  [SACC]  [The reading is difficult and a little
disorganized but the digging is rewarding. ]



SPANISH - The language of passion.  [SPAN]

SPANISH DATA [ Based on 60,115 letters of text in [FRE2] and
[SPAN]

Absolute Frequencies

A   6,681    G    823   L   2,174  Q    346   V    602
B     799    H    367   M   1,740  R  4,628   W     36
C   3,137    I  4,920   N   4,823  S  4,140   X    127
D   2,687    J    190   O   5,859  T  3,180   Y    413
E   7,801    K     22   P   1,785  U  2,172   Z    182
F     481                                       ======
                                                60,115

Monographic Kappa Plain, Spanish Language = 0.0747, I.C.= 1.94

Relative Frequencies, based on 60,115 letters of Spanish plain
text referenced in [FRE2] and [SPAN] reduced to 1000 letters:

E     130    S    69    U    36    V    10     J     3
A     111    T    53    P    30    F     8     Z     3
O      97    C    52    M    29    Y     7     X     2
I      82    D    45    G    14    H     6     W     1
N      80    L    36    B    13    Q     6     K     -
R      77                                         =======
                                                   1,000

Groups

Vowels:  A, E, I, O, U, Y   = 46.3%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S = 22.6%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T = 24.5%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Z = 6.6 %

7 most frequent letters (E, A, O, I, N, R, S) = 64.6%
       (descending order)
Note that group frequencies between German and Spanish are
statistically similar.

Initials ( based on 10,129 letters of Spanish plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)

P   1,128     L    435    Q   286    V   183    Y    27
C   1,081     R    425    I   281    F   177    W    19
D   1,012     M    403    H   230    O   169    Z     2
E     989     N    346    U   219    B   124    K     1
S     789     T    298    G   206    J    47    X
A     761                                         ======
                                                  10,129






















Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115
letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]

   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M
A 12  14  54  64  15   5   8   4  10   8      41  30
B 11               5              14   1      12
C 39       5      17           8  80           3
D 32       1   2  84           1  30
E 20   5  47  26  17   8  21   6   9   3      44  26
F  2               9              12           1
G 12              12               5           1
H 15               3               5
I 43   8  42  29  40   5   8           1      14  16
J  4               5
K                  1
L 44       5   5  35   1   3      28           9   5
M 32  10          42              30
N 41   2  33  37  41  10   6   2  28   1       5   4
O 19  17  28  26  16   6   5   5   4   1      22  33
P 30       1      16               5           8
Q
R 74   1  12  10  94   1  12      45   1   1   6  15
S 32   2  18  15  57   3   2   4  41   1       5   7
T 60       1      67              35
U 13   6  11   5  52   1   3       9           9   6
V 12           1  15              15
W  1               1
X          1       4
Y  5   1   3   2   5   1   1                   1   1
Z  6       1   1




























Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 60,115
letters of Spanish plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]


    N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z
A  64   4  24   5  81  62  18   9   9          11   4
B       5          12   2   1   3
C      69           6      13  18
D   1  59   2   1   3   1       6               1
E 126   5  23   4  94 119  17   5  10   1   8   2   3
F       7           4           5
G   2  15          11       1  11
H       6                       1
I  50  67   4   1  16  27  24   1   8               5
J       3                       3
K
L   1  17   5   1   2   4   5   5   3           1
M      15  10                   6
N   3  43  10   2   4  21  91  12   6           1   1
O 104   4  29   7  58  73  12   3   5       2   9   1
P      31          34   1   3  19
Q                              29
R  11  43   7   3  10  10  15   9   6           1   1
S   5  22  26   4   6  10  57  23   2           4
T      56          34          11
U  34   1   3       9  10   4       1           2
V       7
W                                               1
X           3               2
Y   1   5   2   1   1   3   1   1
Z       3                       2


Digraphic Kappa plain, Spanish = 0.0091, I.C. = 6.15

87 Digraphs comprising 75% of Spanish plain text based on 5,000
digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.


EN-  126   TE- 67  IN- 50  NA- 41  MA- 32  IS- 27  EA- 20
ES-  119   AN- 64  EC- 47  IE- 40  SA- 32  EM- 26  OA- 19
ON-  104   a)====  RI- 45  b)====  PO- 31  SP- 26  PU- 19
ER-   94   AD- 64  EL- 44  CA- 39  MI- 30  ED- 26  SC- 18
RE-   94   AS- 62  LA- 44  ND- 37  PA- 30  OD- 26  AT- 18
NT-   91   TA- 60  RO- 43  TI- 35  AD- 30  AP- 24  CU- 18
DE-   84   DO- 59  NO- 43  LE- 35  DI- 30  IT- 24  EE- 17
AR-   81   OR- 58  IA- 43  TR- 34  ID- 29  EP- 23  OB- 17
CI-   80   SE- 57  IC- 42  UN- 34  QU- 29  SU- 23  CE- 17
RA-   74   ST- 57  ME- 42  PR- 34  OP- 29  SO- 22  ET- 17
OS-   73   TO- 56  AL- 41  OM- 33  LI- 28  OL- 22  LO- 17
CO-   69   AC- 54  SI- 41  NC- 33  NI- 28  NS- 21
IO-   67   UE- 52  NE- 41  DA- 32  OC- 28  EG- 22    =====
                                                     3,753






a)  15 digraphs (1,287 total count, above this line represent
    25% of Spanish plain

b)  40 digraphs (2,513 total count, above this line represent
    50% of Spanish plain


Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)


EN-  126   NE- 41  AR- 81  RA- 74  AS- 62  SA- 32  LA- 44
ES-  119   SE- 57  CI- 80  IC- 42  OR- 58  RO- 43  EL- 44
ON-  104   NO- 43  AN- 64  NA- 41  AC- 54  CA- 39  MA- 32
ER-   94   RE- 94  AD- 64  DA- 32  AL- 41  LE- 35  AM- 30

Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

NT-   91   TN-  0  ST- 57  TS- 0  ND- 37  DN-1  NC- 33 CN-0
IO-   67   OI-  4

Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

EE-  17  AA- 12  RR- 10  SS- 10  LL-  9  CC- 5  OO - 4
NN-   3  DD-  2

Initial Digraphs 21 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on 10,129 Spanish plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:

CO-  684  PR- 307  PA- 263  SE- 189  CA- 151  PE- 111  MA- 101
RE-  335  ES- 286  PO- 247  DI- 175  SI- 137  UN- 109  CU- 100
DE-  323  QU- 286  IN- 235  PU- 157  MI- 117  HA- 108  SO- 100


Trigraphs (top 105 based on 60,115 letters of Spanish text)

ENT- 596  ARA- 229  POR-  176  OSE- 147   ERO- 131   NDE- 121
ION- 564  ONE- 227  TER-  174  ONS- 144   ONT- 131   RAN- 121
CIO- 502  ESE- 202  ODE-  168  REC- 144   ANA- 130   STE- 119
NTE- 429  ADE- 293  ERE-  166  ORE- 143   ARE- 129   REN- 118
CON- 415  PAR- 190  ERA-  165  OCO- 142   UNT- 127   ARI- 117
EST- 355  CIA- 190  TRA-  165  EDE- 141   ANO- 127   TEN- 116
RES- 335  ENC- 188  AME-  165  ICI- 140   TAR- 126   OND- 115
ADO- 307  NCI- 184  ERI-  163  END- 139   ANT- 126   RIA- 115
QUE- 294  PRE- 183  MER-  162  SEN- 139   ESA- 126   ECI- 114
ACI- 277  DEL- 183  ELA-  159  TAD- 138   IER- 125   IST- 113
NTO- 270  NDO- 183  PRO-  158  ECO- 135   ADA- 125   ONA- 113
IEM- 267  NES- 183  ACO-  155  STR- 134   DEN- 124   DAD- 112
COM- 246  DOS- 182  ENE-  153  TOS- 133   AND- 123   INT- 112
ICA- 242  MEN- 181  UES-  151  IDA- 132   DES- 121   NTR- 112
STA- 240  NTA- 176  ESP-  149  SDE- 132   IDO- 121   ESI- 111






PER- 111
ASE- 109
CAN- 109
UNI- 108
OSI- 107
GEN- 105
NCO- 105
RIO- 105
ERN- 104
OMI- 104
SCO- 104
TES- 103
BIE- 101
NTI- 100
TOR- 100


Tetragraphs (86 top tetragraphs based on 60,115 letters of
Spanish plain text)

CION- 444 CONS- 104 ERNO-  79 AMER- 72  FORM- 62  EEST- 55
ACIO- 252 CONT-  99 IERN-  78 IEND- 72  SENT- 62  SCON- 55
ENTE- 233 PUNT-  95 OQUE-  78 IDAD- 71  ICIO- 61  SIDE- 55
ESTA- 174 ANDO-  91 IONA-  77 ENDO- 70  ONTR- 60  CIEN- 54
IONE- 159 TADO-  91 UEST-  77 ERIC- 70  SION- 60  NFOR- 54
MENT- 150 ACON-  90 BIER-  76 NTOS- 70  CCIO- 59  OPOR- 54
ONES- 146 ANTE-  89 ICAN-  76 MIEN- 69  GENT- 58  RESP- 54
IENT- 141 NTER-  85 RESE-  76 IOND- 67  COMA- 57  ARIO- 53
ENTO- 137 INTE-  84 GOBI-  75 MERI- 67  ESDE- 57  ESTR- 53
ENCI- 128 NTES-  82 OBIE-  75 NTRA- 67  ORES- 57  ARGE- 51
PARA- 117 ADOS   81 ECON-  74 DELA- 65  RECI- 57  ECTO- 51
ENTA- 115 AMEN-  81 RGEN-  73 ENTI- 64  AQUE- 56  PART- 51
NCIA- 115 OCON-  81 RICA-  73 NTIN- 64  IONP- 56  POSI- 51
PRES- 111 ESEN-  80 STAD-  73 COMI- 63  QUES- 56  EPRE- 50
UNTO- 111 ONDE-  80


Look at the above groups.  Realize how many apply to English.
Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.


Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 10,129  Spanish words):

CON- 298  PAR- 154  PUN-  93  INT-  72  UNI-  55  CUA-  52
COM- 218  PRO- 139  PER-  80  RES-  72  DES-  53  TRA-  52
EST- 194  PRE- 114  GOB-  66  NUE-  66  INF-  53  REP-  51
ARG-  50


Average Spanish Word Length = 5.9 letters

One-letter words:  Y(63%) A(32%) O(4%) N(1%) E

Two-letter words:  DE LA EL EN ES UN NO SE SU LO LA HA MI ME AL
YO

Three-letter words: QUE LOS UNA POR DEL CON LAS MAS SON SER UNO
SIN HAY MIS SUS ESE


Initials: C P A S M E D T H V R U N I L B O F Q G

Finals:  O A S E N R B D L I Z

Rearranged Frequency:


13 13 9  8 7 7 7 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - -
E  A  O  S R N I D L C T U M P G Y B Q V H F Z J X CH LL RR N^


The Spanish alphabet consists of 24 letters (sans K W rare)
plus four distinct ones: n^ (counted as n) ch, ll, rr.  These
four additional are alphabetized as single letter consonants.
My keyboard does not have the appropriate symbol the tilde to
put over the n so I have used the hat symbol.

Peculiarities:

The apostrophe is not used.

The question and exclamation marks appear at the end of the
sentence, and are inverted at the beginning.

Q is followed by UE or UI.

The article the and pronouns he, she, it, they, are expressed
by: el=the, he; la=the, she; lo=the, it; los =the, they;las
=the, they (fem).

Some Short Words:

A.  at, to, on, by, in, up,as, if, for, like, with of
E.  and
O.  or, repeated
U.  before o or ho
Y.  and
Ni. nor
Mas.  but, yet, more, over
Como. How
Un, una.  an, one.
Este, estos, estas, esta. this, these
Yo,  I; mi=me; mia=my, mine
Usted. you
La, elle. she, the
Su. possesive pronoun
Ese,esa,eso. who
Quien.  who, whom
Cual.  which
Estar.  to be
haber.  to have



SOLVING SPANISH CRYPTOGRAMS

A good place to initially attack a Spanish cryptogram is
through short words that appear in the cryptogram, especially
single-letter and double letter words.  A single letter word
will usually be A or Y with a rare O.  Look at the frequencies.
Move on to the two and three letter words and cross reference
the plain text with the cipher text alphabet.  Reference [SPAN]
has many practice cryptograms with hints.  And now for our last
foray with Xenocrypts we look at Portuguese.


PORTUGUESE  One of the world's toughest languages.  [PORT]

PORTUGUESE DATA [ Based on 45,106 letters of text in FRE2]

Absolute Frequencies

A   5,362    G    724   L   1,245  Q    348   V    737
B     470    H    304   M   1,699  R  3,292   W     24
C   2,285    I  3,314   N   2,912  S  3,409   X    166
D   1,900    J    160   O   5,001  T  2,679   Y     22
E   5,441    K     17   P   1,377  U  1,491   Z    207
F     520                                       ======
                                                45,106

Monographic Kappa Plain, Portuguese Language = 0.0746, I.C.=
1.940

Relative Frequencies, based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese
plain text referenced in FRE2 reduced to 1000 letters:

E     121    N    65    U    33    F    11     X     4
A     119    T    59    P    30    B    10     J     3
O     111    C    51    L    28    Q     8     W     1
S      76    D    42    V    16    H     7     Y     -
I      73    M    38    G    16    Z     5     K     -
R      73                                         =======
                                                   1,000

Groups

Vowels:  A, E, I, O, U, Y   = 45.8%
High-Frequency Consonants: N, R, S, =21.3%
Medium-Frequency Consonants: C, D, L, M, P, T= 24.8%
Low-Frequency Consonants:B,F,G,H,J,K,Q,V,W,X,Y,Z = 8.1 %

8 most frequent letters (E, A, O, S, I, R, N, and T) = 69.7%
       (descending order)
Note that group frequencies between French, Spanish, Italian
and Portuguese are statistically similar.







Initials ( based on 7,058 letters of Portuguese plain text, One
letter words have been omitted.)

P     847     M    405    I   264    B   113    Z    14
C     731     T    348    F   222    G   111    W    11
E     608     R    316    Q   222    J    92    K     7
S     601     N    299    O   187    U    77    Y     4
A     597     V    271    L   143    H    60    X     2
D     506                                         ======
                                                   7,058

Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106
letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]

   A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   J   K   L   M
A 11  11  52  60  15   9  14   2  18   2      38  36
B 11           1  10               5           2   1
C 60       2      30           4  39           5
D 45              61              33               1
E 15   5  48  22  11  11  23   1  27   6   1  31  44
F  9              14              13           1
G 15              14               4           1
H 10               8               3
I 42   3  34  31   6   7   9       1          16  22
J  7               2
K
L 24   1   4   4  24   1   5   9  21           2   4
M 41  10   3   4  51   1          26   1       1   2
N 31      29  35  14   7   8   12 18
O 21   9  32  25  27  10   7    3 20   4      20  36
P 26       2      25               2           4
Q                  1
R 75   2  14   9  86   3   7   1  46   1       2  18
S 41   6  22  10  62   6   3   2  23   2       3  12
T 65       1   1  69   1          26
U 22   5   5   7  26   1   4      18   1      14  11
V 11              37              23
W  1
X 10       3       1               2
Y
Z  7       1       9               2               1

















Digraphs [Frequency Distribution of Digraphs based on 45,106
letters of Portuguese plain text reduced to 5,000 digraphs]


    N   O   P   Q   R   S   T   U   V   W   X   Y   Z
A  56  49  23   8  68  72  22   8  16   1           5
B       9           9   2   1   2
C   1  85           7       8  12
D      61           2   1   1   5
E  97   6  18   6  76  95  20   7  12   1  15       5
F      15           2           3
G   1  14          14          15
H      11                       1
I  53  26   5   2  25  39  27   2  10        2      7
J       2                       7
K
L   2  14   4   2   1   4   7   6   2
M   1  16  15   1   3   5   2   6   2
N      25   1          19 114   4   4               1
O  79   5  35   8  71  85  18  12  22   1   1   1   1
P   1  60   1   1  28   1   1   3
Q                              37
R   8  34   7   3  11   8  18   4   6               1
S   5  23  35   7   4   40 47  18   5
T   1  88          33       1  13
U  17   2   4   7   9   6  11       1               2
V       9           1
W
X           3               1
Y
Z       1        1   1


Digraphic Kappa plain, Portuguese = 0.0084, I.C. = 5.68

91 Digraphs comprising 75% of Portuguese plain text based on
5,000  digraphs arranged according to relative frequencies.


NT- 114    TA-65   ST- 47  AM- 36  CE- 30  OD- 25  AT- 22
EN-  97    a)====  RI- 46  b)====  NC- 29  NO- 25  UA- 22
ES-  95    SE-62   DA- 45  ND- 35  PR- 28  LA- 24  GA- 21
TO-  88    DO-61   EM- 44  OP- 35  IT- 27  LE- 24  LI- 21
RE-  86    DE-61   IA- 42  SP  35  OE- 27  AP- 23  OL- 20
CO-  85    AD-60   MA- 41  RO- 34  EI- 27  EG- 23  ET- 20
OS-  85    PO-60   SA- 41  IC- 34  UE- 26  VI- 23  OI- 20
ON-  79    CA-60   SS- 40  TR- 33  MI- 26  SO- 23  NS- 19
ER-  76    AN-56   CI- 39  DI- 33  IO- 26  SI- 23  SU- 18
RA-  75    IN-53   IS- 39  OC- 32  PA- 26  OV- 22  RT- 18
AS-  72    AC-52   AL- 38  EL- 31  TI- 26  SC- 22  EP- 18
OR-  71    ME-51   VE- 37  ID- 31  PE- 25  IM- 22  UI- 18
TE-  69    AO-49   QU- 37  NA- 31  IR- 25  ED- 22    =====
AR-  68    EC-48   OM- 36                            3,755





a)  15 digraphs (1,224 total count, above this line represent
    25% of Portuguese plain

b)  42 digraphs (2,505 total count, above this line represent
    50% of Portuguese plain


Frequent Digraph Reversals (based on table of 5,000 digraphs)


ES-   95   SE- 62  OR- 71  RO- 34  ME- 51  EM- 44
RE-   86   ER- 76  CA- 60  AC- 48  EC- 48  CE- 40
CO-   85   OC- 32  AD- 60  DA- 41  MA- 41  AM- 36
RA-   75   AR- 58  PO- 60  OP- 39  CI- 39  IC- 34
AS-   72   SA- 41  AN- 56  NA- 33  DI- 33  ID- 31

Rare Digraph Reversals (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

NT-  114   TN-  1  ST- 47  TS- 0  ND- 35  DN-0

Doublets (based on previous 5,000 digraphs)

SS-  40  EE- 11  OO-  5  LL-  2  II-  1  PP- 1  TT - 1
AA-  11  RR- 11  CC-  2  MM-  2

Initial Digraphs 20 digraphs occurring 100 or more times based
on  6,803 Portuguese plain text words, according to absolute
frequencies:

CO-  464  RE- 276  IN- 188  PA- 143  MA- 130  ME- 111  TR- 103
PO-  386  DE- 259  ES- 173  NA- 133  PE- 122  MI- 105  DI- 102
SE-  333  QU- 220  PR- 169  TE- 132  VE- 115  NO- 104


Trigraphs (top 59 based on 45,106 letters of Portuguese text)

ENT- 474  TOS- 191  ERE- 150  IDA- 133  OSE- 126  ECE- 115
NTO- 457  EST- 186  CIA- 145  TER- 132  ARE- 125  NCI- 114
ONT- 303  ACA- 182  ADE- 143  OPO- 130  ESE- 124  REC- 113
NTE- 284  PES- 181  STA- 143  SPO- 130  OVE- 124  PAR- 112
CON- 255  QUE- 172  ICA- 142  ADA- 129  SSA- 124  ESS- 110
PON- 236  NTA- 167  OCO- 140  TRA- 129  DES- 123  DAD- 109
CAO- 227  POR- 159  ARA- 136  NDO- 127  ECO- 121  ORE- 108
ADO- 211  ACO- 158  DOS- 134  ENC- 126  ODE- 118  EDI- 107
MEN- 205  COM- 154  OES- 134

ASE- 105
ITO- 104
ELE- 103
ERI- 103
PRO- 102
AME- 101
OSS- 101
IME- 100





Initial Trigraphs (The 19 trigraphs appearing 50 or more times
as initials of words in 6,803  Portuguese words):

CON- 224  QUE- 109  PRO-  93  QUA-  83  TRA-  66  VEX-  53
PON- 213  EST- 105  POR-  88  DES-  71  MIL-  61  IND-  52
COM- 136  PAR-  93  NAO-  86  SER-  70  REF-  56  RES-  52

REC-  51

Tetragraphs (38 top tetragraphs based on 45,106 letters of
Portuguese plain text)

ONTO-233  ENTA- 97  AMEN-81   CONT-58   CONS-58   RENT-52
PONT-221  NCIA- 95  PARA-81   FORM-57   NTES-58   TELE-52
MENT-183  PORT- 87  COES-73   OCON-66   ANDO-57   EGRA-51
ENTO-173  DADE- 86  IDAD-71   ELEG-61   ANTE-57   NFOR-51
ENTE-147  ESTA- 85  CENT-70   ADOS-60   ORMA-54   OPON-51
ACAO-142  ENCI- 83  INTE-70   IMEN-60   VEXA-54   LEGR-50
NTOS-141  SPON- 83



Look at the above groups.  Realize how many apply to English.
Such words as economy, business, energy, genes, firmament, etc.


Average Portuguese Word Length = 6.48 letters


One-letter words: A O E D'

Two-letter words: DE UM AS SE DO OS EM NA NO

Three-letter words: QUE NAO UMA COM POR TAO MAS MEU DAS ERA LHE
NEM NOS SER SIM SUA;  ELE

Four-letter words: AZUL DIAS DUAS ESTA MAIS MEUS NOME PODE QUEM
TRES VIDA;  SEUS SUAS COMO PARA TODO

Common Pattern Words - Three and Four letters:

Normal frequency rearranged:

14 13 12 8 8 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 - -
A  E  O  R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F G H B J Z X

                                           from [XENO]

Peculiarities:

The Portuguese language uses the standard Roman alphabet, but
the letters K W Y are used in foreign words.  Like Spanish,
however the cion becomes cal, the ll goes to lh.  Articles drop
the inital l; the Spanish las and los become as and os in
Portuguese.


Plurals end in -s; such as -es,-is, -oes, and -aes are common.
Adjectives carry the plural along with the noun they modify.

SOLUTION OF PORTUGUESE ARISTOCRAT


POR-1.  (156) Flying very high.              BARKER

1                    2                  3

P J    G J R B P H G Y R G J    I C W Q G B G B G A

3        4             5                 6       7

U Y C    G    B C W Y X C B G W G P     I C    I P D J

8                     9           10

Y G R C Q D R C J     G    I C B D Z G

         11              12        13          14

W P H J R D R Y D G     Y A G    X B P Z G     I G

         15                   16         17       18

Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C     I G     H G Z  C     C

  19      20          21        22      23

A G D J    Y A    X G J J P    X G B G    G

           24          25          26           27

W P H J R B Y W G P     H P      C J X G W P     I C

 28               29                30

Y A G     C J R G W G P      X C B A G H C H R C.



Set up the cross reference alphabets:

31 18 14 12 11 10 9  8  8  8  7  6  6  4  3  1     0
G  C  J  P  B  R  I  Y  W  D  H  A  X  Z  Q  U  EFKLMNOSTV
                                                -Cipher
14 12 12 8  8  6  6  5  5  5  4  4  4  3  2  2  1  1     0
A  E  O  R  S  I  N  D  M  T  U  C  L  P  Q  V  F  GHBJ ZX
                                                -Normal



I made an assumption that the tip might refer to astronaut
or astronomy.  Let G= a, J=s, C=e.  On my worksheet I draw
lines between the normal and cipher alphabets to show
relationships between letters.


1                    2                  3
  s    a           a     a s      e     a   a   a
P J    G J R B P H G Y R G J    I C W Q G B G B G A

3        4             5                 6       7
    e    a      e       e   a   a         e          s
U Y C    G    B C W Y X C B G W G P     I C    I P D J

8                     9           10
  a   e       e s     a      e       a
Y G R C Q D R C J     G    I C B D Z G

         11              12        13          14
      s           a         a            a       a
W P H J R D R Y D G     Y A G    X B P Z G     I G

         15                   16         17       18
  e   s a           a   e       a       a    e     e
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C     I G     H G Z  C     C

  19      20          21        22      23
  a   s             a s s        a   a    a
A G D J    Y A    X G J J P    X G B G    G

           24          25          26           27
      s         a                e s   a           e
W P H J R B Y W G P     H P      C J X G W P     I C

 28               29                30
    a     e s   a   a          e     a   e     e
Y A G     C J R G W G P      X C B A G H C H R C.


Word two falls in line with my assumption = astronautas and
word 1 could be PJ= os.  Word 30 might  be  permanente.
Other words appear uma, para, passo,  espaco.  Filling in the
blanks we have the following:


1                    2                  3
o s    a s t r o n a u t a s    d e c l a r a r a m
P J    G J R B P H G Y R G J    I C W Q G B G B G A

3        4             5                 6       7
q u e    a    r e c u p e r a c a o     d e    d o i s
U Y C    G    B C W Y X C B G W G P     I C    I P D J

8                     9           10
s a t e l i t e s     a    d e r i v a
Y G R C Q D R C J     G    I C B D Z G


         11              12        13          14
c o n s t i t u i a     u m a    p r o v a     d a
W P H J R D R Y D G     Y A G    X B P Z G     I G

         15                   16         17       18
v e r s a t i l i d a d e     d a     n a v  e     e
Z C B J G R D Q D I G I C     I G     H G Z  C     C

  19      20          21        22      23
m a i s    u m    p a s s o    p a r a    a
A G D J    Y A    X G J J P    X G B G    G

           24          25          26           27
c o n s t r u c a o     n o      e s p a c o     d e
W P H J R B Y W G P     H P      C J X G W P     I C

 28               29                30
u m a     e s t a c a o      p e r m a n e n t e
Y A G     C J R G W G P      X C B A G H C H R C.

Note the -cao endings


REVIEW OF LECTURES 1-7

We have studied the simple substitution case in detail.  We
have focused on the similarities between languages - especially
the group frequencies.  We have attempted to show a cultural
universality for cryptography and the learning of languages.
We have presented procedures to cryptanalyze most single
alphabet substitution systems, including the more difficult
variants.   We have searched for historical significance as we
proceeded in our cryptographic tour.


WHAT'S NEXT?

Two guest lecturers NORTH DECODER and ESSAYONS will present
materials on the Hill Cipher, and ENIGMA 95.  I shall open up
the polyalphabetic substitution case.  Remember, that the trick
in solving a polyalphabetic substitution cipher is its
reduction to simpler terms, i.e. reduction to a series of one
or more mon-alphabetic sub-systems.  The concept of periodicity
will be introduced.   I will cross the lines and introduce
transposition ciphers.  The most famous Playfair that saved a
U. S. Presidents life will be detailed.  The resource section
will be improved again by about 100 solid references.


OTHER STUFF

By the way, our class as of this writing is 109!  Four others
have requested access.  I thank you all for your confidence and
support.  Those who wish to present a special cipher or to have
your guest lecture included in this course need to contact me
soon, so that I can schedule them.  If you want to construct a
few problems (based any material covered) for presentation in
the final "book", go for it.  E-mail/snail mail them to me with
complete solutions and sources.  Again thank you for your trust
and interest.




HOMEWORK  FROM LECTURE 6

FRE-2. K2. (105) Another species. {sauvage,fp=ST]   MELODE

P Q   N X B M H Q I   Q A B   C I Q   D K E X Q B Q    O Q

P' W M R R Q;  D K E X Q B Q   O Q U Q I Q E Q Q    M C

T E X R X B X D Q ,   X P    Q A B    K   P' W M R R Q   N Q

V C Q   N W K B   O Q   U M C B B X Q E Q   Q A B    K C

N W K B   A K C D K U Q.


FRE-3. K2. (87) (jamais, A=b)  It's fun trying.    GUNG HO

D G    X   Z   Q N J D P    M C J P U P   L S U   E' Z D

Z D H U    Q J S E J S N P    U Q    E Z H Z D P    M J H -

K N D P:   G Z   K U D I Q S N U ,   G Z   H S P D L S U,

U Q   G U P   O Z H U P .    * R J I Q U I U G G U


FRE-4.  PAT from [GIVI] page 13.and ff.   (130)

Solve and recover key(s).


YJXMG   XBXUF   JGECU   JEBZD   XAMNM   ZDFLG   FAFNJ   OFNDJ

GVJXE   FNNME   VRJZJ   KAFNB   FNZAG   NCUJE   BNRUX   OFNJG

NNXKX   FELGF   BJRVF   NOFUI   FXAAF   GTFVR   FAFKU   FNBJE

NADXN   VMXUF


ITA-2.  K2.  (88) ( ne, han, con) Thirty days hath September.
LABRONICUS


I D S A I K   Q W    P L A I K   A L B S C M D S   P L A

K E D W Z S,   U W O U A L    S    R S I I S C M D S .   Q W

B S A I L I I L   P S   A ' S   O A L.   I O I I W    U Z W

K Z I D W    A S    V K A    I D S A U I O A L.






ITA-3.  K2. (117) (sulla, f=I). La frode necessaria. MICROPOD

G Z Q K E   A F S Z L   T K F Q A   Q S F N F   Q K G K Q

T G G Z P   Z Q F R A   T J Z E F   N S Z M T   Z J S A S

Z R A P T   D A F F Q   K G K Z L   Z S S K E   O F J F Q

Q T J K R   A E Z F Q   Z S S Z H   F J S F M   T F G G K

E O F L F   J Q Z G A   J X T S Z  J D.


SPA-1.                                    BARKER

Z K E P C   U K Y   T C Y D M S R    V C T P E R    A

Z P Z N D Z K   G C T Y R Z K   R   N T D G R   Y C   V K

K S T P Q D P E R   M K    T C Y G R Z Y P Q P M P E K E

E C M    K S C Z S K E R    G R T    C M    U R U C Z S R.


SPA-2. K2. (96) (deseo, f=R)  Musica.        D. STRASSE

T I Z    Q B J N A Z    K J K T F Z N    B P    L T B   B F

K N A G B N    A G K T F P J    G T P A O Z F    M B F

S J G H N B   R T B   T I   K T N Z G B I Q B

B P K J I Q Z I B J     M P B B J   N A Q G A O J   M B

M Z I Y Z N.


SPA-3.  (122) (-ulado, MZ=qk)  Flight?           LIFER

N S P Y K   I X P U A   K P Z D X   P S P E X   K R L K O

K A X T S   P Q K D X   R K R R S   S I N K Y   K R L A R

S D K T Q   L D L P X   K T A S Q   X S P X P   R S O S P

R X J K R   K T O A S   T S P Q X   L S D O A   X I S A E

C S D L R   S C P V D   L N L B A    X O C D K   R L.










POR-2. K2 (96) (tenta; gj=NQ) Machine Age?    YO TAMBIEN

E P E J T X D   U R T C   J Z X G C    V R J   D J

X I N R S O C   H C D   T C V R P U C D   V R J

Z J U D C T   J   H J D G X U M P C   H J   A X H X

O X T J T   V R J   A J U A C    M C B J S X.

*O.   *T R T M X I H   *Q X U J D


POR-3. K1. (nossos va-)  Letter to horseman?     ZYZZ

U C U C G    V C J F D    E F W E O   C B G C V    S I H C L

I T I W F    Y C V F U    H F W F T   L F R F B    C H W F C

E S H I L    F G I C D    E G T I J   H C V G R    P C V C J

F V D E F    W F H C V    L F V F H   J I S K I    X J I Z U

I G V T I    V V I V B    C D E F G   H I V V C    I F Y K F

R F T W F    V.

SOLUTIONS TO LECTURE 6 PROBLEMS

Thanks to GRAPE JUICE for the straightforward SOLS.


LAT-1 K2. (sallust)  Wars and Victors?     SCARLET     (105/17)


FCDR JRBBQC OQCN TZUNBR, URPRMQC ZRHRMMQCR GRONDRMR.
NDUNKRMR UQNSNO, RPNZC NHDZSF BNURMR, GRKFDN, UQCS  NUPFMRO
SRBNDP. *OZBBQOP                        [cum,  bdghj=JGHIE]

Omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere.  Incipere
cuivis, etiam ignavo licere, deponi, cum victores velint.
- Sallust

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Z J U G R T H I N E A B C D F K L M O P Q S V W X Y

K2 =  JUGRTHINE

After placing the very generous tips, the solution was a simple
matter of filling in the key alphabet.  Solution time about 5
minutes.


NOR-1.  Cosmology. (verden) (*qwx)    NIL VIRONUS  (109/22)

IKPNH ERAMC KDAOA GPKMK NNKMK MEKOK MZLAG
GKQPH EVKMM KGKOK GPDAO VFIIK GHKRF DOIFV
FGNCF JPKRK MIKGN FEKGG KNCKP FDYKM PKAGN PKAG.

K2 = FYSIKK LOVA

Det som virkelig interesserer meg er ae inne ut om herren
egentlig hadde noe vagg da han skapte verden sa mennesket.
Albert Einstein

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v y z aa ao ae
F Y S I K L O V A B C D E G H J M N P Q R T U W  X  Z

Letting e=K, there was only one position for VERDEN.  This gave
the interesting pattern ERE??ERE at letter 18.  Trying the
pattern ABaCcaba in my Norwegian word list gave the word
INTERESSERER.  This in turn gave ERTEINSTEIN at the end of the
gram, which implied Albert Einstein.  From that point on the
solution was a matter of filling in the key alphabet.  Solution
time about 1 hour.











































REFERENCES / RESOURCES    [updated 3 February 1996]


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[HA]   Hahn, Karl, " Frequency of Letters", English Letter
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[LAFF] Laffin, John, "Codes and Ciphers: Secret Writing Through
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[MARS] Marshall, Alan, "Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign
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[MODE] Modelski, Tadeusz, 'The Polish Contribution to the
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[MYER] Myer, Albert, "Manual of Signals," Washington, D.C.,
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[NIBL] Niblack, A. P., "Proposed Day, Night and Fog Signals for
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[RUNY] Runyan, T. J. and Jan M. Copes "To Die Gallently",
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[RYSK] Norbert Ryska and Siegfried Herda, "Kryptographische
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[SADL] Sadler, A. L., "The Code of the Samurai," Rutland and
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[SACC] Sacco, Generale Luigi, " Manuale di Crittografia",
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[SANB] Sanbohonbu, ed., "Sanbohonbu kotokan shokuinhyo." NIDS
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[SAPR] Sapir, E., "Conceptual Categories in Primitive
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[SASS] Sassoons, George, "Radio Hackers Code Book", Duckworth,
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[SCHN] Schneier, Bruce, "Applied Cryptography: Protocols,
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[SHAN] Shannon, C. E., "The Communication Theory of Secrecy
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[SHIN] Shinsaku Tamura, "Myohin kosaku," San'ei Shuppansha,
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[SMIT] Smith, Laurence D., "Cryptography, the Science of Secret
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[SOLZ] Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. , "The Gulag Archipelago I-
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[SPAN] Barker, Wayne G. "Cryptograms in Spanish," Aegean Park
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[STIN] Stinson, D. R., "Cryptography, Theory and Practice,"
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[SUVO] Suvorov, Viktor "Inside Soviet Military Intelligence,"
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[TERR] Terrett, D., "The Signal Corps: The Emergency (to
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[THEO] Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, "Thunder Out Of
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[TILD] Glover, D. Beaird, Secret Ciphers of The 1876
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[TRAI] Lange, Andre and Soudart, E. A., "Treatise On
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[TRIB] Anonymous, New York Tribune, Extra No. 44, "The Cipher
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[TRIT] Trithemius:Paul Chacornac, "Grandeur et Adversite de
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[TUKK] Tuckerman, B.,  "A Study of The Vigenere-Vernam Single
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[TUCM] Tuckerman, B., "A Study of The Vigenere-Vernam Single
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[USAA] U. S. Army, Office of Chief Signal Officer,
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[VAIL] Vaille, Euggene, Le Cabinet Noir, Paris Presses
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[VERN] Vernam, A. S.,  "Cipher Printing Telegraph Systems For
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[WALL] Wallis, John, "A Collection of Letters and other Papers
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[WEL]  Welsh, Dominic, "Codes and Cryptography," Oxford Science
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[WELC] Welchman, Gordon, 'The Hut Six Story', McGraw-Hill,
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[WHOR] Whorf, B. L., "A Linguistic Consideration of Thinking In
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[WINK] Winkle, Rip Van, "Hungarian: The Cryptogram,", March -
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[WINT] Winterbotham, F.W., 'The Ultra Secret', Weidenfeld
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[WOLE] Wolfe, Ramond W., "Secret Writing," McGraw Hill Books,
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[WOLF] Wolfe, Jack M., " A First Course in Cryptanalysis,"
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[WRIX] Wrixon, Fred B. "Codes, Ciphers and Secret Languages,"
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[XEN1] PHOENIX, "Xenocrypt Handbook," American Cryptogram
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[YARD] Yardley, Herbert, O., "The American Black Chamber,"
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[YAR1] Yardley, H. O., "The Chinese Black Chamber," Houghton
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[YOKO] Yukio Yokoyama, "Tokushu joho kaisoka," unpublished
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[YOUS] Youshkevitch, A. P., Geschichte der Mathematik im
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[YUKI] Yukio Nishihara, "Kantogan tai-So Sakusenshi," Vol 17.,
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[ZIM]  Zim, Herbert S., "Codes and Secret Writing." William
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[ZEND] Callimahos, L. D.,  Traffic Analysis and the Zendian
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